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<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nAs we can see in the illustration above, James Reason has denominated five elements, which together create a safety culture. Let\u2019s take a closer look at how they are defined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Learning Culture<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nA company or organisation must be willing to learn from the errors it detects using its reporting system and make the necessary changes. Moreover, each employee needs to understand the safety management system, its processes and continous improvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Informed Culture<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nEveryone involved in implementing and maintaining a safety culture and acting according to it, knows the principles, attitudes, expected behaviours, and procedures. Data about safety is continously gathered and assessed, any information about safety is distributed to everyone concerned in a timely manner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flexible Culture<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nThe workforce within a company or an organisation is capable of adapting to changing demands or reacting to threats. Sometimes, in this process hierachies are flattened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Just Culture<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nThe entire workforce reports mistakes and is not punished wrongfully. Those who are to blame for a mistake, are held accountable after the circumstances have been clarified. If there was gross neglect involved, sanctions, on which the organisation or company has agreed, will be applied, including the loss of a professional licence in accordance with existing guidelines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Reporting Culture<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nEmployees are encouraged to report mistakes or any safety concerns. The team, or whoever is in charge, then explores the root cause of the mistakes or hazards to safety and works out how to prevent future errors, or how to mitigate the hazards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.2. The Following Add to the Five Elements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Leadership<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nEvery superior needs to exert leadership and be a good example of how to behave with a true safety culture awareness. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
This means not pushing safety margins, admitting and correcting own errors, as well as not letting the mistakes of others, a lack of safety culture awareness, or risks go unnoticed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
True leaders show the courage to address these errors and risks and hearten their employees to make amendments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Responsibility<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nLeaders, but also all employees are responsible to personally understand the safety management system and the reporting system the company has established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Attitude and Commitment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nEveryone in a company or an organisation who carries out tasks which entail risks, needs to understand what professional attitude is required. Furthermore, the more these employees commit themselves to actively contribute to the safety culture, the better this culture can be, ensuring safe operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Communication and Trust<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nEvery company has its own procedures, how errors and risks are communicated. There should be an atmosphere in which employees can trust their employers that no unjust punishment awaits them if they have made an unintentional error and report it. Communication and trust pertain especially to just culture and reporting culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Training<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nContinuous training courses are provided by many organisations in healthcare, and all companies and organisations involved in aviation. These regular courses deal with human factors, crew resource management, or maintenance resource management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Moreover, at least new employees need to learn about the safety management system, the overall safety culture of a company and how to report errors and risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n